# Health Economics Guide

> A practical handbook of best practices for health economics, written for the people who run health and care organizations. It covers tax-funded, social-insurance, private-insurance, and mixed systems in low-, middle-, and high-income settings. Every topic follows one template: why it matters, core concepts, best practices, discussion questions, a worked example, sector lenses, failure modes, a maturity model, and a checklist.

The book is available in 24 locales. The links below are the en-gb-oxendict edition (British English, Oxford spelling). A machine-readable version of this map is at https://health-economics-guide.github.io/llms.json.

## Front matter

- [Preface](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/preface/)

## Part 1 — Foundations

why health is economically different, and the models that explain it

- [Topic 1.1 — Introduction to Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/1-1-introduction-to-health-economics/)
- [Topic 1.2 — Demand for Health and Healthcare](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/1-2-demand-for-health-and-healthcare/)
- [Topic 1.3 — Market Failure](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/1-3-market-failure/)
- [Topic 1.4 — Supply of Healthcare](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/1-4-supply-of-healthcare/)
- [Topic 1.5 — Determinants of Health](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/1-5-determinants-of-health/)

## Part 2 — Evaluation and Evidence

the analyst's toolkit: valuing outcomes, building models, testing claims

- [Topic 2.1 — Economic Evaluation](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/2-1-economic-evaluation/)
- [Topic 2.2 — Modelling](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/2-2-modelling/)
- [Topic 2.3 — Health Econometrics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/2-3-health-econometrics/)
- [Topic 2.4 — Pharmacoeconomics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/2-4-pharmacoeconomics/)
- [Topic 2.5 — Budget Impact and Affordability](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/2-5-budget-impact-and-affordability/)
- [Topic 2.6 — Evidence Synthesis and Meta-Analysis](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/2-6-evidence-synthesis-and-meta-analysis/)

## Part 3 — Systems, Policy and Priorities

how societies organize, fund, and share out healthcare

- [Topic 3.1 — Health Systems](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-1-health-systems/)
- [Topic 3.2 — Health Policy](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-2-health-policy/)
- [Topic 3.3 — Rationing](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-3-rationing/)
- [Topic 3.4 — Equity](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-4-equity/)
- [Topic 3.5 — Capabilities](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-5-capabilities/)
- [Topic 3.6 — Health Workforce and Labour Markets](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-6-health-workforce-and-labour-markets/)
- [Topic 3.7 — Insurance and Risk Protection](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-7-insurance-and-risk-protection/)
- [Topic 3.8 — Long-Term and Social Care Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-8-long-term-and-social-care-economics/)
- [Topic 3.9 — Mental Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-9-mental-health-economics/)
- [Topic 3.10 — Strategic Purchasing and Commissioning](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-10-strategic-purchasing-and-commissioning/)
- [Topic 3.11 — Quality and Safety Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-11-quality-and-safety-economics/)
- [Topic 3.12 — Pandemic and Emergency Preparedness Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/3-12-pandemic-and-emergency-preparedness-economics/)

## Part 4 — Global and Societal Issues

health beyond one system: behaviour, global trade and financing, the planet, and the public conversation

- [Topic 4.1 — Behavioural Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/4-1-behavioural-economics/)
- [Topic 4.2 — Global Health and Trade](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/4-2-global-health-and-trade/)
- [Topic 4.3 — Climate and Planetary Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/4-3-climate-and-planetary-health-economics/)
- [Topic 4.4 — Social Media and Health Communication Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/4-4-social-media-and-health-communication-economics/)

## Part 5 — Digital, Software, and Technology

the economics of health technology: innovation, digital care, artificial intelligence, software, robotics, and data

- [Topic 5.1 — Innovation Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/5-1-innovation-health-economics/)
- [Topic 5.2 — Digital Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/5-2-digital-health-economics/)
- [Topic 5.3 — AI Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/5-3-ai-health-economics/)
- [Topic 5.4 — Software Engineering Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/5-4-software-engineering-health-economics/)
- [Topic 5.5 — Robotics Health Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/5-5-robotics-health-economics/)
- [Topic 5.6 — Health Data Economics](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/topics/5-6-health-data-economics/)

## Reference

- [Glossary](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/glossary/)
- [Index of concepts](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/index/)
- [Source repository](https://github.com/health-economics-guide/health-economics-guide)
- [Sitemap](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/sitemap.xml)

## Optional

Other locales, each with its own contents page:

- [العربية](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ar-001/contents/) (`ar-001`)
- [বাংলা](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/bn-001/contents/) (`bn-001`)
- [Cymraeg](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/cy-001/contents/) (`cy-001`)
- [Cymraeg - Cymru](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/cy-gb/contents/) (`cy-gb`)
- [Deutsch](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/de-001/contents/) (`de-001`)
- [Deutsch - Deutschland](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/de-de/contents/) (`de-de`)
- [English](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-001/contents/) (`en-001`)
- [English - Great Britain](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb/contents/) (`en-gb`)
- [English - Great Britain - Oxford](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-gb-oxendict/contents/) (`en-gb-oxendict`)
- [English - United States](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/en-us/contents/) (`en-us`)
- [Español](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/es-001/contents/) (`es-001`)
- [Français](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/fr-001/contents/) (`fr-001`)
- [हिन्दी](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/hi-001/contents/) (`hi-001`)
- [हिन्दी - भारत](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/hi-in/contents/) (`hi-in`)
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/id-001/contents/) (`id-001`)
- [日本語](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ja-001/contents/) (`ja-001`)
- [日本語 - 日本](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ja-jp/contents/) (`ja-jp`)
- [한국어](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ko-001/contents/) (`ko-001`)
- [한국어 - 대한민국](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ko-kr/contents/) (`ko-kr`)
- [Português](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/pt-001/contents/) (`pt-001`)
- [Русский](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ru-001/contents/) (`ru-001`)
- [اردو](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/ur-001/contents/) (`ur-001`)
- [中文](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/zh-001/contents/) (`zh-001`)
- [中文 - 中国](https://health-economics-guide.github.io/zh-cn/contents/) (`zh-cn`)