Index
Where to find each concept and framework. Numbers are chapter numbers, not pages.
Concepts and frameworks mapped to the chapters that cover them. Numbers are chapter numbers, not pages — e.g. 2.1 is Chapter 2.1 — Economic Evaluation. Each entry lists the home chapter plus every chapter that materially covers the concept, ascending and de-duplicated.
Entries are alphabetical within each letter section. This file is populated as chapters are written; empty letter sections are placeholders.
A
"A QALY is a QALY is a QALY" — 3.5 Accountability for reasonableness — 3.3, 3.4 Accountable care organizations — 3.7 Activities of daily living — 3.8 Active travel — 4.3 Actuarial science — 3.7 Adaptation (hedonic adaptation) — 3.5 Adverse events and medical error — 3.11 Adverse selection — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 Advance market commitment — 4.2, 5.1 Affordability versus value — 2.5 Agency and the principal–agent problem — 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.10 Ageing and dependency — 3.8 Air pollution — 4.3 Algorithmic bias — 3.4, 5.3 Allocative efficiency — 1.1, 1.4, 3.4 Antimicrobial resistance — 1.3, 3.2, 4.2, 5.1 Arrow and the founding of health economics — 1.1, 1.3 Artificial intelligence in health care — 5.2, 5.3 Attention economy — 4.4
Automation and the health workforce — 3.6, 5.3, 5.5 Automation bias — 5.3
B
Baumol effect (cost disease) — 1.3, 3.1 Behavioural economics — 1.2, 4.1 Benefit-package design — 3.3, 3.7 Beveridge model — 3.1 Biosimilars — 2.4 Bismarck model (social health insurance) — 3.1 Block, cost-and-volume, and cost-per-case contracts — 3.10 Bounded rationality — 4.1 Budget impact analysis — 2.5 Burnout and retention — 3.6 Business case for safety — 3.11
C
Capability approach — 2.1, 3.5, 3.8, 3.9 Capacity, occupancy, and deliberate slack — 1.4, 3.12, 5.5 Capital expenditure and capital appraisal — 2.5, 5.5
Capitation — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Carbon footprint of care — 4.3 Causal inference — 2.3, 2.6 Choice architecture and nudges — 3.2, 4.1 Climate change as a driver of health cost — 4.3 Clinical decision support systems — 5.3 Co-benefits of climate action — 4.3 Co-dependent technology — 5.1 Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) — 3.12 Cochrane and systematic-review methods — 2.6 Commercial determinants of health — 1.5 Commissioning and the commissioning cycle — 3.10 Community rating — 3.7 Companion diagnostic — 5.1 Comparator, choice of — 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 5.3 Compensating differentials — 3.6 Compulsory licensing — 4.2 Concentration index and curve — 3.4 Concept drift — 5.3 Confounding — 1.5, 2.3 Contract theory and incomplete contracts — 3.10 Cost containment — 3.1, 3.3 Cost of delay — 2.5 Cost of poor quality — 3.11 Cost of production (fixed, variable, marginal, average) — 1.4 Cost–benefit analysis — 2.1 Cost-effectiveness analysis — 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.2, 3.4, 4.2 Cost-effectiveness threshold — 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 4.2 Cost-sharing and co-payments — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.3, 3.7 Cost-shifting across budgets — 3.8, 3.9, 3.11 Cost–utility analysis — 2.1, 2.4 Creative destruction — 5.1
D
DALY (disability-adjusted life year) — 1.1, 2.1, 4.2 Data access and trusted research environments — 5.6
Data as an asset and data governance — 5.2, 5.3, 5.6 Data mesh, data lake, and data warehouse — 5.6
Data quality — 2.3, 5.6
De-identification and differential privacy — 5.6
Decision analysis — 2.2 Decision trees — 2.2 Defaults and the default effect — 1.3, 3.2, 4.1 Deinstitutionalization — 3.9 Demand for health and derived demand — 1.1, 1.2, 3.6 Dementia — 3.8 Dependency ratio — 3.8 Deskilling — 5.3 Determinants of health — 1.1, 1.5 Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) — 3.1 Difference-in-differences — 2.3, 3.2 Diffusion of innovations — 5.1 Digital divide and digital exclusion — 3.4, 5.2 Digital health tools — 5.2, 5.3 Diminishing returns and returns to scale — 1.4 Discounting — 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 3.2, 3.8, 3.9, 4.3, 5.2 Discrete-event simulation — 2.2 Disinvestment — 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.3, 4.3 Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis — 2.1, 3.4 Distributive justice — 3.3, 3.4 Division of labour and task-shifting — 3.6 Donabedian model — 3.11
E
Econometric methods — 2.3 Economic efficiency (technical and allocative) — 1.1, 1.4, 3.4 Economic evaluation — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Economies of scale and scope — 1.4 Eligibility thresholds and cliff-edges — 3.8 Environmental determinants of health — 1.5, 4.3 EQ-5D — 2.1, 3.5, 3.9 Equity — 1.1, 1.5, 2.1, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3 Equity weights — 3.4, 3.5 Equity–efficiency trade-off — 1.1, 2.1, 3.4 Evidence-based policy — 3.2 Evidence hierarchy and GRADE — 2.6 Evidence standards for digital and AI tools — 5.2, 5.3 Evidence synthesis and meta-analysis — 2.1, 2.2, 2.6 Evergreening — 2.4 Expected value and expected utility — 3.12 Experience rating — 3.7 External reference pricing — 2.4 Externalities — 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 3.2, 3.12, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1 Extra-welfarism — 3.5
F
FAIR data principles — 5.6
Fair innings argument — 3.4 Federated learning — 5.3, 5.6
Fee-for-service — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1 Financial headroom — 2.5 Financial protection and catastrophic spending — 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2 Financing models — 3.1, 3.8, 4.2 Fiscal space — 3.1 Forest plots — 2.6 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control — 3.2 Framing — 4.1 Fundamental cause theory — 1.5 Funnel plots and publication bias — 2.6
G
Gavi — 4.2, 5.1 Generic and condition-specific measures — 2.1 Generic drugs — 2.4 Gini coefficient — 3.4 Global budgets — 3.1 Global catastrophic risk — 3.12 Global Fund — 4.2 Global mental health — 3.9 Global public goods — 1.3, 3.12, 4.2 GRADE and certainty of evidence — 2.6 Grey literature — 2.6 Grossman model and health as capital — 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
H
Headroom analysis (early HTA) — 5.1 Health care quality — 3.11 Health communication and campaigns — 4.4
Health econometrics — 2.3 Health in All Policies — 1.5, 3.2 Health inequalities and the social gradient — 1.5, 3.4 Health insurance and demand for insurance — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Health literacy — 4.4
Health policy instruments — 1.3, 3.2 Health spending growth (cost pressure) — 1.3, 3.1 Health systems — 3.1, 4.2 Health technology assessment (HTA) — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3.10, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Health–social-care boundary — 3.8 Health-worker migration (brain drain) — 3.6, 4.2 Healthcare-associated infection — 3.11 Heterogeneity — 2.6 Heuristics and biases — 4.1 High-risk strategy (prevention) — 3.2 Horizontal and vertical equity — 3.4 Human capital — 1.1, 1.2, 3.6 Human Development Index — 3.5
I
Iatrogenesis — 3.11 ICECAP measures — 3.5, 3.8 Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) — 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3 Income effects on demand — 1.2 Inducement prizes — 5.1 Infodemics and misinformation — 4.4
Informal and unpaid care — 3.8, 3.9 Information asymmetry — 1.1, 1.3, 3.6, 3.10 Innovation incentives (push and pull) — 5.1 Instrumental variables — 2.3 Insurance design and risk protection — 3.7 Integrated care — 3.8, 3.10 Integration of health and social care — 3.8 Intention-to-treat analysis — 2.3 Interoperability and open standards (FHIR) — 5.4 Inverse care law — 3.4, 5.2
J
K
Kakwani index — 3.4
L
Labour markets in health — 3.6 Learning curve — 5.5
Levels of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary) — 3.2 Legacy systems and modernization — 5.4 Libertarian paternalism — 4.1 Life-course approach — 1.5 Life-cycle assessment — 4.3 Living reviews — 2.6 Long-term care financing — 3.8 Loss aversion — 4.1
M
Machine learning — 5.3 Make-or-buy decision — 3.10, 5.4 Managed care — 3.7, 3.10 Managed entry agreements — 2.2, 2.4, 2.5 Mapping (cross-walking) — 2.1 Marginal analysis — 1.1, 1.4, 3.3 Marginal contribution of medical care — 1.5 Market failure — 1.1, 1.3, 3.2, 3.6, 5.1 Market structure and competition — 1.4 Markov models — 2.2 Marmot and the Whitehall studies — 1.5, 3.4 Means testing — 3.8 Medical education and the training pipeline — 3.6 Medical tourism — 4.2 Mental health economics — 3.9 Meta-analysis — 2.6 mHealth and eHealth — 5.2 Microsimulation — 2.2 Missing data — 2.3 Modelling (decision-analytic) — 2.1, 2.2 Monopoly — 1.3, 1.4, 2.4 Monopsony and wage-setting — 3.6 Monte Carlo simulation — 2.2 Moral hazard — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7
N
Natural experiments — 2.3, 3.2 Natural monopoly — 1.4 Net zero and decarbonization — 4.3 Network effects and vendor lock-in — 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 Network meta-analysis — 2.6 Never events — 3.11 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3.10, 5.2, 5.3
O
Occupational licensing and scope of practice — 3.6 Open-source software — 5.4 Opportunity cost — 1.1, 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 3.12, 4.3, 5.2 Option value and real options — 3.12 Oregon Health Plan — 3.3 Orphan drugs — 2.4, 5.1 Outcome-based contracts — 3.10 Out-of-pocket payment and maximums — 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2
P
Pandemic preparedness — 3.12, 4.2 Pandemics as global externalities — 3.12, 4.2 Panel data methods — 2.3 Panic-and-neglect cycle — 3.12 Parity of esteem — 3.9 Passive versus strategic purchasing — 3.10 Patents — 2.4, 4.2, 5.1 Patient safety — 3.11 Patient values versus public values — 3.5 Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) — 2.1, 5.2 Pay-for-performance — 3.11 Perspective (analytic) — 2.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.9, 4.2, 4.3 Pharmacoeconomics — 2.4 Phased and managed adoption — 2.5 Pigovian tax — 3.2 Planetary health — 4.3 Plumbing diagram (Williams) — 1.1, 1.2, 1.5 Pooling and prepayment — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 Population health — 1.5 Population strategy (prevention) — 3.2 Precautionary principle — 3.12 Precision medicine (stratified / personalized) — 5.1 Present bias — 3.2, 4.1 Presenteeism and productivity loss — 3.9 Prevention economics — 1.2, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 3.9, 5.2 Prevention paradox — 1.5, 3.2 Price discrimination — 2.4 Price elasticity of demand — 1.2 Prioritarianism — 3.4 Priority-setting — 1.1, 3.3, 3.10, 4.2 Prior authorization and utilization management — 3.7 PRISMA reporting — 2.6 Procedural justice — 3.3, 3.4 Procurement and public procurement — 3.10 Production function and inputs — 1.4 Programme budgeting and marginal analysis — 1.1, 3.3 Progressive and regressive financing — 3.1, 3.2, 3.4 Proportionate universalism — 1.5 Provider objectives and behaviour — 1.4 Provider payment mechanisms — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.10, 3.11 Public goods — 1.3, 3.12, 4.2, 5.1 Public health — 1.5, 3.2 Publication bias — 2.6 Purchaser–provider split — 3.10
Q
QALY (quality-adjusted life year) — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.9 Quality measurement and the Donabedian model — 3.11
R
RAND Health Insurance Experiment — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Random-effects and fixed-effect models — 2.6 Randomized controlled trials — 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 4.1 Rationing — 1.1, 2.5, 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 4.2 Rawlsian maximin ("just health") — 3.4 Real-world evidence — 2.4, 5.2, 5.3 Reference case — 2.1, 2.4 Regression discontinuity design — 2.3 Regulation — 1.3, 3.2, 5.3 Regulatory capture — 3.2 Reinsurance — 3.7 Remote patient monitoring — 5.2 Research and development economics — 2.4, 5.1 Response shift — 3.5 Return on investment (ROI and SROI) — 2.1, 3.2, 5.2 Risk adjustment and risk equalization — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Risk pooling — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 Robot-assisted surgery — 5.5
Robotics in health and care — 5.5
Root cause analysis — 3.11 Rule of Rescue — 2.4, 3.3
S
Scarcity — 1.1, 3.3 Secondary use of health data — 5.6
Selection bias — 2.3 Selective contracting — 3.10 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis — 2.1, 2.2 Sin taxes and consumption taxes — 3.2 Single-payer systems — 3.1 Site reliability engineering — 5.4 Skill mix and task-shifting — 3.6 Social care economics — 3.8 Social cost of carbon — 4.3 Social determinants of health — 1.5, 3.4, 4.3 Social gradient in health — 1.5, 3.4 Social impact bonds — 3.10 Social marketing — 4.4
Software maintenance — 5.4 Strategic purchasing — 3.10 Subjective wellbeing — 3.5 Sufficientarianism — 3.4 Sugary drink taxes — 3.2 Supplier-induced demand — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1 Supply of healthcare — 1.4 Surge capacity — 3.12 Sustainable and low-carbon care — 4.3 Systematic reviews — 2.6
T
Tail risk and catastrophe — 3.12 Technical debt — 5.4 Telehealth and telemedicine — 5.2 Time preference — 1.2 Time trade-off — 2.1 Total cost of ownership — 5.4 Treatment gap — 3.9 TRIPS Agreement — 4.2 Trust in health institutions — 3.12, 4.4, 5.6
Trusted messengers and influencer partnerships — 4.4
Two-tier healthcare — 3.1, 4.2
U
Uncertainty (parameter, structural, heterogeneity) — 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, 3.12, 5.1 Universal health coverage — 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2 Uptake curves and eligible populations — 2.5 Utilitarianism — 3.4, 3.5
V
Vaccine hesitancy — 4.2, 4.4
Validation of models — 2.2 Value of a statistical life — 3.12 Value of information — 2.2, 5.1 Value-based health care — 3.10 Value-based insurance design — 3.7 Value-based pricing — 2.4 Value-based purchasing — 3.10, 3.11 Visual analogue scale and standard gamble — 2.1
W
Waiting lists — 3.1, 3.3 Wearables and remote monitoring — 5.2 Welfarism and extra-welfarism — 3.5 Wellbeing measurement — 3.5, 3.8 Whitehall studies and the social gradient — 1.5, 3.4 Willingness to pay — 2.1 Workforce and human resources for health — 1.4, 3.1, 3.6, 4.2, 5.3