Índice remissivo
Where to find each concept and framework. Numbers are topic numbers, not pages.
Concepts and frameworks mapped to the topics that cover them. Numbers are topic numbers, not pages — e.g. 2.1 is Topic 2.1 — Economic Evaluation. Each entry lists the home topic plus every topic that materially covers the concept, ascending and de-duplicated.
Entries are alphabetical within each letter section. This file is populated as topics are written; empty letter sections are placeholders.
A
"A QALY is a QALY is a QALY" — 3.5 Accountability for reasonableness — 3.3, 3.4 Accountable care organizations — 3.7 Activities of daily living — 3.8 Active travel — 4.3 Actuarial science — 3.7 Adaptation (hedonic adaptation) — 3.5 Adverse events and medical error — 3.11 Adverse selection — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 Advance market commitment — 4.2, 5.1 Affordability versus value — 2.5 Agency and the principal–agent problem — 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.10 Ageing and dependency — 3.8 Air pollution — 4.3 Algorithmic bias — 3.4, 5.3 Allocative efficiency — 1.1, 1.4, 3.4 Antimicrobial resistance — 1.3, 3.2, 4.2, 5.1 Arrow and the founding of health economics — 1.1, 1.3 Artificial intelligence in health care — 5.2, 5.3 Attention economy — 4.4
Automation and the health workforce — 3.6, 5.3, 5.5 Automation bias — 5.3
B
Baumol effect (cost disease) — 1.3, 3.1 Behavioural economics — 1.2, 4.1 Benefit-package design — 3.3, 3.7 Beveridge model — 3.1 Biosimilars — 2.4 Bismarck model (social health insurance) — 3.1 Block, cost-and-volume, and cost-per-case contracts — 3.10 Bounded rationality — 4.1 Budget impact analysis — 2.5 Burnout and retention — 3.6 Business case for safety — 3.11
C
Capability approach — 2.1, 3.5, 3.8, 3.9 Capacity, occupancy, and deliberate slack — 1.4, 3.12, 5.5 Capital expenditure and capital appraisal — 2.5, 5.5
Capitation — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Carbon footprint of care — 4.3 Causal inference — 2.3, 2.6 Choice architecture and nudges — 3.2, 4.1 Climate change as a driver of health cost — 4.3 Clinical decision support systems — 5.3 Co-benefits of climate action — 4.3 Co-dependent technology — 5.1 Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) — 3.12 Cochrane and systematic-review methods — 2.6 Commercial determinants of health — 1.5 Commissioning and the commissioning cycle — 3.10 Community rating — 3.7 Companion diagnostic — 5.1 Comparator, choice of — 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 5.3 Compensating differentials — 3.6 Compulsory licensing — 4.2 Concentration index and curve — 3.4 Concept drift — 5.3 Confounding — 1.5, 2.3 Contract theory and incomplete contracts — 3.10 Cost containment — 3.1, 3.3 Cost of delay — 2.5 Cost of poor quality — 3.11 Cost of production (fixed, variable, marginal, average) — 1.4 Cost–benefit analysis — 2.1 Cost-effectiveness analysis — 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.2, 3.4, 4.2 Cost-effectiveness threshold — 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 4.2 Cost-sharing and co-payments — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.3, 3.7 Cost-shifting across budgets — 3.8, 3.9, 3.11 Cost–utility analysis — 2.1, 2.4 Creative destruction — 5.1
D
DALY (disability-adjusted life year) — 1.1, 2.1, 4.2 Data access and trusted research environments — 5.6
Data as an asset and data governance — 5.2, 5.3, 5.6 Data mesh, data lake, and data warehouse — 5.6
Data quality — 2.3, 5.6
De-identification and differential privacy — 5.6
Decision analysis — 2.2 Decision trees — 2.2 Defaults and the default effect — 1.3, 3.2, 4.1 Deinstitutionalization — 3.9 Demand for health and derived demand — 1.1, 1.2, 3.6 Dementia — 3.8 Dependency ratio — 3.8 Deskilling — 5.3 Determinants of health — 1.1, 1.5 Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) — 3.1 Difference-in-differences — 2.3, 3.2 Diffusion of innovations — 5.1 Digital divide and digital exclusion — 3.4, 5.2 Digital health tools — 5.2, 5.3 Diminishing returns and returns to scale — 1.4 Discounting — 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 3.2, 3.8, 3.9, 4.3, 5.2 Discrete-event simulation — 2.2 Disinvestment — 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.3, 4.3 Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis — 2.1, 3.4 Distributive justice — 3.3, 3.4 Division of labour and task-shifting — 3.6 Donabedian model — 3.11
E
Econometric methods — 2.3 Economic efficiency (technical and allocative) — 1.1, 1.4, 3.4 Economic evaluation — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Economies of scale and scope — 1.4 Eligibility thresholds and cliff-edges — 3.8 Environmental determinants of health — 1.5, 4.3 EQ-5D — 2.1, 3.5, 3.9 Equity — 1.1, 1.5, 2.1, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3 Equity weights — 3.4, 3.5 Equity–efficiency trade-off — 1.1, 2.1, 3.4 Evidence-based policy — 3.2 Evidence hierarchy and GRADE — 2.6 Evidence standards for digital and AI tools — 5.2, 5.3 Evidence synthesis and meta-analysis — 2.1, 2.2, 2.6 Evergreening — 2.4 Expected value and expected utility — 3.12 Experience rating — 3.7 External reference pricing — 2.4 Externalities — 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 3.2, 3.12, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1 Extra-welfarism — 3.5
F
FAIR data principles — 5.6
Fair innings argument — 3.4 Federated learning — 5.3, 5.6
Fee-for-service — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1 Financial headroom — 2.5 Financial protection and catastrophic spending — 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2 Financing models — 3.1, 3.8, 4.2 Fiscal space — 3.1 Forest plots — 2.6 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control — 3.2 Framing — 4.1 Fundamental cause theory — 1.5 Funnel plots and publication bias — 2.6
G
Gavi — 4.2, 5.1 Generic and condition-specific measures — 2.1 Generic drugs — 2.4 Gini coefficient — 3.4 Global budgets — 3.1 Global catastrophic risk — 3.12 Global Fund — 4.2 Global mental health — 3.9 Global public goods — 1.3, 3.12, 4.2 GRADE and certainty of evidence — 2.6 Grey literature — 2.6 Grossman model and health as capital — 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
H
Headroom analysis (early HTA) — 5.1 Health care quality — 3.11 Health communication and campaigns — 4.4
Health econometrics — 2.3 Health in All Policies — 1.5, 3.2 Health inequalities and the social gradient — 1.5, 3.4 Health insurance and demand for insurance — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Health literacy — 4.4
Health policy instruments — 1.3, 3.2 Health spending growth (cost pressure) — 1.3, 3.1 Health systems — 3.1, 4.2 Health technology assessment (HTA) — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3.10, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Health–social-care boundary — 3.8 Health-worker migration (brain drain) — 3.6, 4.2 Healthcare-associated infection — 3.11 Heterogeneity — 2.6 Heuristics and biases — 4.1 High-risk strategy (prevention) — 3.2 Horizontal and vertical equity — 3.4 Human capital — 1.1, 1.2, 3.6 Human Development Index — 3.5
I
Iatrogenesis — 3.11 ICECAP measures — 3.5, 3.8 Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) — 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3 Income effects on demand — 1.2 Inducement prizes — 5.1 Infodemics and misinformation — 4.4
Informal and unpaid care — 3.8, 3.9 Information asymmetry — 1.1, 1.3, 3.6, 3.10 Innovation incentives (push and pull) — 5.1 Instrumental variables — 2.3 Insurance design and risk protection — 3.7 Integrated care — 3.8, 3.10 Integration of health and social care — 3.8 Intention-to-treat analysis — 2.3 Interoperability and open standards (FHIR) — 5.4 Inverse care law — 3.4, 5.2
J
K
Kakwani index — 3.4
L
Labour markets in health — 3.6 Learning curve — 5.5
Levels of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary) — 3.2 Legacy systems and modernization — 5.4 Libertarian paternalism — 4.1 Life-course approach — 1.5 Life-cycle assessment — 4.3 Living reviews — 2.6 Long-term care financing — 3.8 Loss aversion — 4.1
M
Machine learning — 5.3 Make-or-buy decision — 3.10, 5.4 Managed care — 3.7, 3.10 Managed entry agreements — 2.2, 2.4, 2.5 Mapping (cross-walking) — 2.1 Marginal analysis — 1.1, 1.4, 3.3 Marginal contribution of medical care — 1.5 Market failure — 1.1, 1.3, 3.2, 3.6, 5.1 Market structure and competition — 1.4 Markov models — 2.2 Marmot and the Whitehall studies — 1.5, 3.4 Means testing — 3.8 Medical education and the training pipeline — 3.6 Medical tourism — 4.2 Mental health economics — 3.9 Meta-analysis — 2.6 mHealth and eHealth — 5.2 Microsimulation — 2.2 Missing data — 2.3 Modelling (decision-analytic) — 2.1, 2.2 Monopoly — 1.3, 1.4, 2.4 Monopsony and wage-setting — 3.6 Monte Carlo simulation — 2.2 Moral hazard — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7
N
Natural experiments — 2.3, 3.2 Natural monopoly — 1.4 Net zero and decarbonization — 4.3 Network effects and vendor lock-in — 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 Network meta-analysis — 2.6 Never events — 3.11 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.2, 3.3, 3.10, 5.2, 5.3
O
Occupational licensing and scope of practice — 3.6 Open-source software — 5.4 Opportunity cost — 1.1, 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 3.12, 4.3, 5.2 Option value and real options — 3.12 Oregon Health Plan — 3.3 Orphan drugs — 2.4, 5.1 Outcome-based contracts — 3.10 Out-of-pocket payment and maximums — 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2
P
Pandemic preparedness — 3.12, 4.2 Pandemics as global externalities — 3.12, 4.2 Panel data methods — 2.3 Panic-and-neglect cycle — 3.12 Parity of esteem — 3.9 Passive versus strategic purchasing — 3.10 Patents — 2.4, 4.2, 5.1 Patient safety — 3.11 Patient values versus public values — 3.5 Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) — 2.1, 5.2 Pay-for-performance — 3.11 Perspective (analytic) — 2.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.9, 4.2, 4.3 Pharmacoeconomics — 2.4 Phased and managed adoption — 2.5 Pigovian tax — 3.2 Planetary health — 4.3 Plumbing diagram (Williams) — 1.1, 1.2, 1.5 Pooling and prepayment — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 Population health — 1.5 Population strategy (prevention) — 3.2 Precautionary principle — 3.12 Precision medicine (stratified / personalized) — 5.1 Present bias — 3.2, 4.1 Presenteeism and productivity loss — 3.9 Prevention economics — 1.2, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 3.9, 5.2 Prevention paradox — 1.5, 3.2 Price discrimination — 2.4 Price elasticity of demand — 1.2 Prioritarianism — 3.4 Priority-setting — 1.1, 3.3, 3.10, 4.2 Prior authorization and utilization management — 3.7 PRISMA reporting — 2.6 Procedural justice — 3.3, 3.4 Procurement and public procurement — 3.10 Production function and inputs — 1.4 Programme budgeting and marginal analysis — 1.1, 3.3 Progressive and regressive financing — 3.1, 3.2, 3.4 Proportionate universalism — 1.5 Provider objectives and behaviour — 1.4 Provider payment mechanisms — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.10, 3.11 Public goods — 1.3, 3.12, 4.2, 5.1 Public health — 1.5, 3.2 Publication bias — 2.6 Purchaser–provider split — 3.10
Q
QALY (quality-adjusted life year) — 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.9 Quality measurement and the Donabedian model — 3.11
R
RAND Health Insurance Experiment — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Random-effects and fixed-effect models — 2.6 Randomized controlled trials — 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 4.1 Rationing — 1.1, 2.5, 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 4.2 Rawlsian maximin ("just health") — 3.4 Real-world evidence — 2.4, 5.2, 5.3 Reference case — 2.1, 2.4 Regression discontinuity design — 2.3 Regulation — 1.3, 3.2, 5.3 Regulatory capture — 3.2 Reinsurance — 3.7 Remote patient monitoring — 5.2 Research and development economics — 2.4, 5.1 Response shift — 3.5 Return on investment (ROI and SROI) — 2.1, 3.2, 5.2 Risk adjustment and risk equalization — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7 Risk pooling — 1.3, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 Robot-assisted surgery — 5.5
Robotics in health and care — 5.5
Root cause analysis — 3.11 Rule of Rescue — 2.4, 3.3
S
Scarcity — 1.1, 3.3 Secondary use of health data — 5.6
Selection bias — 2.3 Selective contracting — 3.10 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis — 2.1, 2.2 Sin taxes and consumption taxes — 3.2 Single-payer systems — 3.1 Site reliability engineering — 5.4 Skill mix and task-shifting — 3.6 Social care economics — 3.8 Social cost of carbon — 4.3 Social determinants of health — 1.5, 3.4, 4.3 Social gradient in health — 1.5, 3.4 Social impact bonds — 3.10 Social marketing — 4.4
Software maintenance — 5.4 Strategic purchasing — 3.10 Subjective wellbeing — 3.5 Sufficientarianism — 3.4 Sugary drink taxes — 3.2 Supplier-induced demand — 1.2, 1.3, 3.1 Supply of healthcare — 1.4 Surge capacity — 3.12 Sustainable and low-carbon care — 4.3 Systematic reviews — 2.6
T
Tail risk and catastrophe — 3.12 Technical debt — 5.4 Telehealth and telemedicine — 5.2 Time preference — 1.2 Time trade-off — 2.1 Total cost of ownership — 5.4 Treatment gap — 3.9 TRIPS Agreement — 4.2 Trust in health institutions — 3.12, 4.4, 5.6
Trusted messengers and influencer partnerships — 4.4
Two-tier healthcare — 3.1, 4.2
U
Uncertainty (parameter, structural, heterogeneity) — 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, 3.12, 5.1 Universal health coverage — 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2 Uptake curves and eligible populations — 2.5 Utilitarianism — 3.4, 3.5
V
Vaccine hesitancy — 4.2, 4.4
Validation of models — 2.2 Value of a statistical life — 3.12 Value of information — 2.2, 5.1 Value-based health care — 3.10 Value-based insurance design — 3.7 Value-based pricing — 2.4 Value-based purchasing — 3.10, 3.11 Visual analogue scale and standard gamble — 2.1
W
Waiting lists — 3.1, 3.3 Wearables and remote monitoring — 5.2 Welfarism and extra-welfarism — 3.5 Wellbeing measurement — 3.5, 3.8 Whitehall studies and the social gradient — 1.5, 3.4 Willingness to pay — 2.1 Workforce and human resources for health — 1.4, 3.1, 3.6, 4.2, 5.3